森林病虫损害的可持续控制

森林病虫的控制的控制应遵循效益原则,对病虫所造成的森林综合损失实行可持续控制,并自觉将其纳入整个森林事业的可持续发展体系之中,正确认识病虫在森林生态系统中的功能和对人类的利用价值。建立森林综合效益评价标准体系以及一系列适合于森林病虫损害控制的管理体制和技术手段。是效益原则下的森林损失可持续控制的实现途径。     

鄂西漆树主要害虫的发生规律及综合防治

1994—2000年对湖北西部地区的漆树害虫进行了较为详细的调查，确认直接危害漆树的害虫24种。其中对漆树生长造成一定威胁和发生严重的有根部害虫漆白粉蚧；蛀干害虫云斑白条天牛和橙斑白条天牛；食叶害虫粉筒胸叶甲、漆树直缘跳甲、黄色凹缘跳甲、银杏大蚕蛾、缀叶丛螟等。文章对几种主要害虫的发生及危害特点进行了综合分析，并根据其发生规律提出了相应的综合防治措施。     

苹果蠹蛾生物学特性及综合防治

苹果蠹蛾Laspeyresia pomonella(Linne)在甘肃省酒泉地区1年发生1－2代，初孵幼虫开始从果产胴部蛀入，在果皮下为害，再为果心蛀食果肉及种子，经3次脱皮后开始转果为害，造成大量果实被害脱落，根据其生活习性提出了综合防治措施，蛀果率由21．5％下降到1％以下，防治效果达95％。     

枣豹蠹蛾生物学特性及综合防治

枣豹蠹蛾Zeuzera sp.在沧州枣区一年发生1代，以幼虫在被害枝内越冬，6月中旬为化蛹盛期，7月上旬为成虫羽化盛期，7月中旬为幼虫孵化盛期，根据其生物学特性采取了以人工防治为主，配合药到防治和生物防治的综合防治措施，防治效果达89.1%。     

生物入侵对生物多样性的影响

外来生物入侵是生境破坏之后严重影响生物多样性的第二大威胁因素。介绍了国内外对生物入侵的研究现状；生物入侵的途径以及入侵成功的原因分析。虽然历史上有不少外来生物曾经为人类造福，然而外来生物入侵给人类和环境造成了巨大的损失。据此提出了减少外来物种入侵威胁的建议。     

肉桂双瓣卷蛾种群动态及综合治理研究

通过室内饲养和林间调查相结合的方法,研究了肉桂双瓣卷蛾的种群动态。该虫的发生、消长猖獗成灾与温度、湿度、林分结构和组成、林龄及天敌等环境因子有密切关系。提出了采取预防为主,营林技术措施为基础,生物防治为主导,科学地采取生物、人工、化学防治和保护利用天敌等的综合治理措施,可有效控制其危害。     

云南小黑山省级自然保护区综合评价

云南小黑山省级自然保护区具有典型性、稀有性、多样性、脆弱性、自然性、完整性等自然属性特点；就保护区的生态、社会、经济效益对保护区的保护属性进行了评价；分析保护区的管理现状和存在的主要问题。综合评价结果，保护区的建设是一项生态效益巨大、社会效益显著的生态工程，对连接南北动、植物区系起着重要作用，在科研上具有重要价值。     

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹示范林综合治理

１９９２～１９９５年在云南省玉溪市北城镇刺桐关办事处石狗头村，对遭受云南松纵坑切梢小蠹危害严重的３３４ｈｍ２云南松林，进行了营林防治技术、害虫种群防治技术等综合治理措施示范和研究。通过４年的综合治理，示范林被害株率由防治前的６２．６７％下降到３．７２％，下降率９４．０６％；蠹害指数由３３．３０下降到１．２９，下降率为９６．１％；对照林地３４ｈｍ２的被害株率由３９．０３％，上升到９０．４７％，上升５６．８５％；蠹害指数由２０．１０上升到４７．２２，上升率为５７．４３％。挽回经济损失３０．７９万元，提高了云南松林的经济、社会、生态三大效益，取得明显效果。     

有害生物综合管理理论的发展及其展望

有害生物综合管理(IPM)自20世纪70年代被人们广泛接受以后得到了迅速的发展，文章对IPM的发展历史进行了简要的回顾，并对其近年来的进展进行了简述。     

Designing pest-suppressive multistrata perennial crop systems: shade-grown coffee in Central America

During most of its cultivation in Central America, coffee (Coffea arabica L.) suffered few serious pest problems. However, over the past three decades, three factors contributed to significantly increase pest levels and losses: the recent introduction of new pests; more favorable conditions for existing pests, diseases, and weeds due to lower shade levels; and secondary pest problems caused by pesticide use. The strategy of maximizing coffee production with pest control dominated by synthetic pesticides has not only increased yields substantially, but also production costs, pesticide resistance, and both human health and environmental risks. An analysis of the response of the food web in coffee plantations to varying levels of light and humidity associated with different shade levels provides the basis for identifying the optimum shade conditions which minimize the entire pest complex and maximize the effects of beneficial microflora and fauna acting against it. These optimum shade conditions for pest suppression differ with climate, altitude, and soils. The selection of tree species and associations, density and spatial arrangement, as well as shade management regimes are critical decisions for shade strata design. Site-specific knowledge of the seasonal food web dynamics permits growers to determine the appropriate seasonal shade management in order to further suppress pest levels. For example in a low-elevation dry coffee zone, 35 to 65% shade promotes leaf retention in the dry season and reduces Cercospora coffeicola, weeds, and Planococcus citri; at the same time, it increases the effectiveness of microbial and parasitic organisms without contributing to increased Hemileia vastatrix levels or reducing yields. In these conditions, shade should be at a maximum early in the dry season and at a minimum by the middle of the rainy season. Further research is needed on: the effects of individual tree species on the food web; the role of canopy architecture for coffee vigor, photosynthesis, leaf drying, pest susceptibility, and pruning regimes; and on simple observation methods and decision criteria for farmer management of tree-coffee-food web interactions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.